(b)++DNA+Structure+(Q+4-9)

= DNA Structure =

// Diagram 1: DNA → protein → Characteristic // DNA as gene controls the production of proteins, and proteins are responsible for characteristics.

Above is a diagram illustrating the double helix structure of DNA (explained below). DNA uses ribonucleic acid to turn genetic information to usable forms for the cell – proteins (which are made up of amino acids – see Making Proteins page). This DNA information can be used to depict characteristics, such as appearance features like eye colour or hair colour.

The shape of DNA molecules look like a twisted ladder and it is called a double helix and sometimes the DNA molecules describe as 'spiral'. It looks like a ladder because certain physical forces cause the 'ladder' to twist around by itself. In addition, the bases, A, T, C and G are surrounded by the phosphate and sugars which form the outside of the DNA molecules ( "DNA and Nuclear") .

//Diagram 2: 4 bases of DNA//

The DNA molecule is made up of nucleotides. each contains a base and a sugar phosphate group. Acting as a backbone of the DNA strands are phosphate and deoxyribose sugar molecules bonded onto the bases that contain genetic information (see below). It is these two side units that make the double helix a strong yet flexible structure. The phosphate and sugar molecules do not vary along its length. //Diagram 3: structure of DNA// Orange = sugar phosphate group Purple = base

There are four different nucleotide molecules in DNA: - Adenine - Thymine - Cytosine - Guanine

// DNA fingerprinting in laboratories require the following steps: //
 * **// Isolation //**// - When the DNA is recovered from cells or tissues within the body. The sample of DNA can come from small amounts of tissue such as blood, hair, saliva or skin. //
 * **// Separation //**// - The DNA pieces are then sorted by size through a process called electrophoresis, in which the pieces are passed through a special gel made of seaweed agarose (which is a jelly-like substance produced by seaweed), to determine the size of each DNA piece. //
 * **// Profile Comparisons //**// - Researchers are then able to read and compare different DNA fingerprints to each other for matches. //

(7) Write a sentence to explain which bases always match up together.

The base pairing rules state the combination of the nitrogen containing bases and means that there can only be one match for each base to bond with. In DNA-replication terms, this rule will mean that the coded sequence on one chain determines the coded sequence of the other chain, therefore ensuring exact replication.

Guanine, G, always pair up with Cytosine, C, while Adenine, A, always pair up with Thymine, T ( Dennis O'Neil ). // Diagram 4: diagram of certain base pairs in DNA and its overall structure //

For more information: media type="youtube" key="qy8dk5iS1f0" height="315" width="420" For further advanced information: media type="youtube" key="ZGHkHMoyC5I" height="315" width="420" Work cited

Dennis O'Neil. //Molecular Level of Genetics//. N.p., 21 Mar. 2012. Web. 25 May 2012. [].

//What nitrogen bases match up with each other in DNA?// N.p., n.d. Web. 29 May 2012. [What_nitrogen_bases_match_up_with_each_other_in_DNA].

//What is the shape of a DNA molecule called?// N.p., n.d. Web. 28 May 2012. .

//DNA structure//. 2009. //YouTube//. Web. 25 May 2012. .

//DNA structure//. 2006. //YouTube//. Web. 25 May 2012. .

"DNA and Nuclear Division." // BioTopics //. Web. 01 June 2012. .

"What Does the Phosphate in DNA Do?" // WikiAnswers //. Answers. Web. 01 June 2012. .